Influences on Renaissance music
The era of the Renaissance was a time of incredible cultural and social change, and the music of the period reflected this change. As Western Europe experienced a transition from medieval to early modern culture, it was ripe for a renaissance of music. The rise of humanism and the rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman thought led to a fascination with ancient Greek and Roman works. The influx of Arab and Jewish music, as well as discoveries from Asia and Africa, led to a rich mix of influences. The Classical music that resulted from the Renaissance was a synthesis of these influences. Many of the most important composers of the Renaissance were inspired by the great works of the past, which had only been rediscovered in the previous two centuries. These composers both imitated these works and experimented with their own styles to create their own original works. These composers were highly influenced by the aesthetic ideals of humanism, which emphasized the importance of beauty as a goal of art.
Types of music during the Renaissance
During the Renaissance, music was divided into three broad categories: sacred music, secular music, and instrumental music. The categories of sacred music were liturgical music, which is music written for religious ceremonies and was usually sacred in character, motet music, which was sacred but secular in nature and sacred polyphony, which was sacred music that combined several different types of music. The categories of secular music included dance music, which was intended primarily for performance rather than listening, courtly music, which was intended for performance as well as listening and popular music, which was intended primarily for listening. Instrumental music included both vocal music intended for performance (such as madrigals) and instrumental music, which included both vocal and non-vocal forms.
Popular composers of the period
During the Renaissance, composers such as Thomas Morley, Thomas Askew, William Byrd, and Johannes Ockeghem were extremely popular, and they wrote many popular pieces that have survived to this day. Many of the most famous Renaissance composers were also important church architects, such as Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Giovanni Gabrieli, and Lassus.
Key musical forms of the Renaissance
The most common types of music during the Renaissance were sacred music (such as polyphony and motets), courtly music (such as madrigals and ballads), and popular music. Popular music included many of the dance forms we still see today, such as the branle and the minuet. Popular music was also often interspersed with religious songs or special chants. Some of the most common types of sacred music during the Renaissance were motets, which were secular pieces intended for performance with orchestral accompaniment, masses, which were church compositions performed with mostly solo voices and cantatas, which were smaller sacred works performed with only a small ensemble and solo voices. The most common forms of secular music during the Renaissance included dance music, which was written primarily for performance, courtly music, which was written for performance as well as listening and popular music, which was mainly intended for listening.
Notable compositions of the period
Many of the most famous Renaissance works were written during the latter half of the period, particularly during the 16th century. The golden age of Renaissance music was between the mid-1400s and the mid-1600s when the greatest composers were active. Among the most famous pieces from the Renaissance are the motets of Josquin Desprez and the madrigals of Giovanni and Lorenzo della Crusca. The motet was a particularly popular and versatile form of music during the Renaissance, with composers writing both sacred and secular motets. Most motets from the Renaissance were sacred, but later composers also wrote secular motets. The most famous madrigals also date from the Renaissance. Madrigals were secular songs intended for performance with a small ensemble. Like motets, madrigals were a versatile form of music that was not limited to sacred music.
Musical instruments of the Renaissance
Many of the instruments that were commonly used during the Renaissance have been used ever since, such as the lute, violin, and pipe organ. Other instruments that were commonly used during the Renaissance but are still used today include the harpsichord, tambourine, triangle, and lute. Key Renaissance instruments that were not in common use until the Baroque period (the 17th century) include the violin and the piano. The violin had been in use since the Middle Ages, but the Renaissance saw its popularity grow, as composers such as Vivaldi began writing for it. Two of the most common Renaissance instruments were the double reed instrument (such as the recorder or hurdy-gurdy) and the stringed instrument (such as the lute or guitar).
How Renaissance music laid the groundwork for modern music
One of the most important factors in understanding the music of the Renaissance is to understand how the music was performed. The music of the Renaissance was almost exclusively performed live. This meant that the composer had to create music that was both beautiful and playable at the same time. Many pieces were too difficult to be played at all, and those that were playable needed to be easy enough to be played by instruments that were not as advanced as modern instruments are. Modern performers of Renaissance music therefore, have to use a combination of more advanced instruments and less sophisticated methods of playing them.
Impact of Renaissance music today
Renaissance music influenced many later composers, particularly those in the Romantic period. Romantic composers such as Schubert, Mendelssohn, and Chopin placed a great deal of emphasis on the beauty of sound, and many of their pieces are based on the music of the Renaissance.
